Muhammad Asad
IN ORDER to grasp the purport of the term JINN as used in the Qur’an, we must dissociate our minds from the meaning given to it in Arabian folklore, where it early came to denote all manner of "demons" in the most popular sense of this word. This folkloristic image has somewhat obscured the original connotation of the term and its highly significant - almost self-explanatory -verbal derivation. The root-verb is JANNA, "he [or "it"] concealed" or "covered with darkness": cf. Al-An’am, 6:76, which speaks of Abraham "when the night overshadowed him with its darkness (janna alayhi)". Since this verb is also used in the intransitive sense ("he [or "it"] was [or "became"] concealed", resp. "covered with darkness"), all classical philologists point out that al-jinn signifies "intense [or "confusing"] darkness" and, in a more general sense, "that which is concealed from [man' s] senses", i.e., things, beings or forces which cannot normally be perceived by man but have, nevertheless, an objective reality, whether concrete or abstract, of their own.
In the usage of the Qur’an, which is certainly different from the usage of primitive folklore, the term jinn have several distinct meanings. The most commonly encountered is that of spiritual forces or beings which, precisely because they have no corporeal existence, are beyond the perception of our corporeal senses: a connotation 'which includes "satans" and "satanic forces" (shayateen - see note 16 on Al-Hijr,15:17) as well as "angels" and "angelic forces", since all of them are "concealed from our senses" (Jawhari, Raghib). In order to make it quite evident that these invisible manifestations are not of a corporeal nature, the Qur'an states parabolically that the jinn were created out of "the fire of scorching winds" (naar as-samoom, in Surah Al-Hijr, 15:27), or out of "a confusing flame of fire" (maarij min naar, in Surah Ar-Rahman, 55:15), or simply "out of fire" (Al-A’raf, 7:12 and 38:76, in these last two instances referring to the Fallen Angel, Iblis). Parallel with this, we have authentic ahadith to the effect that the Prophet spoke of the angels as having been "created out of light" (khuliqat min noor: Muslim, on the authority of Aishah) - light and fire being akin, and likely to manifest themselves within and through one another (cf. note 7 on verse 8 of surah An-Naml, 27).
The term jinn is also applied to a wide range of phenomena which, according to most of the classical commentators, indicate certain sentient organisms of so fine a nature and of a physio-logical composition so different from our own that they are not normally accessible to our sense-perception. We know, of course, very little as to what can and what cannot play the role of a living organism; moreover, our inability to discern and observe such phenomena is by no means a sufficient justification for a denial of their existence. The Qur’an refers often to "the realm which is beyond the reach of human perception" (aI-ghayb), while God is frequently spoken of as "the Sustainer of all the worlds" (rabb al-alameen): and the use of the plural clearly indicates that side by side with the "world" open to our observation there are other "worlds" as well - and, therefore, other forms of life, different from ours and presumably from one another, and yet subtly interacting and perhaps even permeating one another in a manner beyond our ken. And if we assume, as we must, that there are living organisms whose biological premises are entirely different from our own, it is only logical to assume that our physical senses can establish contact with them only under very exceptional circumstances: hence the description of them as "invisible beings". Now that occasional, very rare crossing of paths between their life-mode and ours may well give rise to strange - because unexplainable - manifestations, which man's primitive fantasy has subsequently interpreted as ghosts, demons and other such "supernatural" apparitions.
Occasionally, the term jinn is used in the Qur’an to denote those elemental forces of nature -including human nature - which are "concealed” from our senses inasmuch as they manifest themselves to us only in their effects but not in their intrinsic reality. Instances of this connotation are found, e.g., in Surah As-Saffat, 37:158 ff. (and possibly also in Al-An’am, 6:100), as well as in the earliest occurrence of this concept, namely, in Surah An-Nas, 114:6.
Apart from this, it is quite probable that in many instances where the Qur’an refers to jinn in terms usually applied to organisms endowed with reason, this expression either implies a symbolic "personification' of man's relationship with 'satanic forces' (shaytan) - an implication evident. e.g. in Al-An’am, 6:112, 7:38, Hud, 11:119, As-Sajdah, 32:13 - or, alternatively, is a metonym for a person 's preoccupation with what is loosely described as "occult powers, whether real or illusory, as well as for the resulting practices as such. Like sorcery, necromancy, astrology, soothsaying. etc.: endeavours to which the Qur’an invariably refers in condemnatory terms (cf. Al-Baqarah, 2:102; also Al-An’am, 6:128 and 130, or Surah Al-Jinn, 72:5-6).
In a few instances (e.g., in Surah Al-Ahqaf, 46:29-32 and Surah Al-Jinn, 72:1-15) the term jinn may conceivably denote beings not invisible in and by themselves but, rather "hitherto unseen beings" ( Al-Jinn,72:1).
Finally, references to jinn are sometimes meant to recall certain legends deeply embedded in the consciousness of the people to whom the Qur’an was addressed in the first instance (e.g., in Surah Al-Saba, 34:12-14) - the purpose being, in every instance, not the legend as such but the illustration of a moral or spiritual truth.
IN ORDER to grasp the purport of the term JINN as used in the Qur’an, we must dissociate our minds from the meaning given to it in Arabian folklore, where it early came to denote all manner of "demons" in the most popular sense of this word. This folkloristic image has somewhat obscured the original connotation of the term and its highly significant - almost self-explanatory -verbal derivation. The root-verb is JANNA, "he [or "it"] concealed" or "covered with darkness": cf. Al-An’am, 6:76, which speaks of Abraham "when the night overshadowed him with its darkness (janna alayhi)". Since this verb is also used in the intransitive sense ("he [or "it"] was [or "became"] concealed", resp. "covered with darkness"), all classical philologists point out that al-jinn signifies "intense [or "confusing"] darkness" and, in a more general sense, "that which is concealed from [man' s] senses", i.e., things, beings or forces which cannot normally be perceived by man but have, nevertheless, an objective reality, whether concrete or abstract, of their own.
In the usage of the Qur’an, which is certainly different from the usage of primitive folklore, the term jinn have several distinct meanings. The most commonly encountered is that of spiritual forces or beings which, precisely because they have no corporeal existence, are beyond the perception of our corporeal senses: a connotation 'which includes "satans" and "satanic forces" (shayateen - see note 16 on Al-Hijr,15:17) as well as "angels" and "angelic forces", since all of them are "concealed from our senses" (Jawhari, Raghib). In order to make it quite evident that these invisible manifestations are not of a corporeal nature, the Qur'an states parabolically that the jinn were created out of "the fire of scorching winds" (naar as-samoom, in Surah Al-Hijr, 15:27), or out of "a confusing flame of fire" (maarij min naar, in Surah Ar-Rahman, 55:15), or simply "out of fire" (Al-A’raf, 7:12 and 38:76, in these last two instances referring to the Fallen Angel, Iblis). Parallel with this, we have authentic ahadith to the effect that the Prophet spoke of the angels as having been "created out of light" (khuliqat min noor: Muslim, on the authority of Aishah) - light and fire being akin, and likely to manifest themselves within and through one another (cf. note 7 on verse 8 of surah An-Naml, 27).
The term jinn is also applied to a wide range of phenomena which, according to most of the classical commentators, indicate certain sentient organisms of so fine a nature and of a physio-logical composition so different from our own that they are not normally accessible to our sense-perception. We know, of course, very little as to what can and what cannot play the role of a living organism; moreover, our inability to discern and observe such phenomena is by no means a sufficient justification for a denial of their existence. The Qur’an refers often to "the realm which is beyond the reach of human perception" (aI-ghayb), while God is frequently spoken of as "the Sustainer of all the worlds" (rabb al-alameen): and the use of the plural clearly indicates that side by side with the "world" open to our observation there are other "worlds" as well - and, therefore, other forms of life, different from ours and presumably from one another, and yet subtly interacting and perhaps even permeating one another in a manner beyond our ken. And if we assume, as we must, that there are living organisms whose biological premises are entirely different from our own, it is only logical to assume that our physical senses can establish contact with them only under very exceptional circumstances: hence the description of them as "invisible beings". Now that occasional, very rare crossing of paths between their life-mode and ours may well give rise to strange - because unexplainable - manifestations, which man's primitive fantasy has subsequently interpreted as ghosts, demons and other such "supernatural" apparitions.
Occasionally, the term jinn is used in the Qur’an to denote those elemental forces of nature -including human nature - which are "concealed” from our senses inasmuch as they manifest themselves to us only in their effects but not in their intrinsic reality. Instances of this connotation are found, e.g., in Surah As-Saffat, 37:158 ff. (and possibly also in Al-An’am, 6:100), as well as in the earliest occurrence of this concept, namely, in Surah An-Nas, 114:6.
Apart from this, it is quite probable that in many instances where the Qur’an refers to jinn in terms usually applied to organisms endowed with reason, this expression either implies a symbolic "personification' of man's relationship with 'satanic forces' (shaytan) - an implication evident. e.g. in Al-An’am, 6:112, 7:38, Hud, 11:119, As-Sajdah, 32:13 - or, alternatively, is a metonym for a person 's preoccupation with what is loosely described as "occult powers, whether real or illusory, as well as for the resulting practices as such. Like sorcery, necromancy, astrology, soothsaying. etc.: endeavours to which the Qur’an invariably refers in condemnatory terms (cf. Al-Baqarah, 2:102; also Al-An’am, 6:128 and 130, or Surah Al-Jinn, 72:5-6).
In a few instances (e.g., in Surah Al-Ahqaf, 46:29-32 and Surah Al-Jinn, 72:1-15) the term jinn may conceivably denote beings not invisible in and by themselves but, rather "hitherto unseen beings" ( Al-Jinn,72:1).
Finally, references to jinn are sometimes meant to recall certain legends deeply embedded in the consciousness of the people to whom the Qur’an was addressed in the first instance (e.g., in Surah Al-Saba, 34:12-14) - the purpose being, in every instance, not the legend as such but the illustration of a moral or spiritual truth.
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